.•il 


STATEMENT   NOJ 


PRICE  25  CTS. 

FRANKLIN  HUDSON  PUBLISHING  CO. 

KANSAS  CITY,  MO. 


STATEMENT   NO.  I 


1908. 

Franklin  Hudson  Pdblishing  Co., 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 


COPYEIGHT,  1908, 

BY  EDWARD  BUTTS, 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 


PRICE,  POST-PAID: 
Per  copy,  25  cents;  in  cloth,  $1.10. 


Address  communications  to  Edward  Bntts,  1800  East  Sixteenth  St., 
Kansas  City,  Missouri. 


First  Thousand. 


THE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  SWASTIKA. 


Away  back  on  the  horizon  of  our  records,  seemingly 
a  little  beyond  their  limit,  an  emblem  we  recognize  as  the 
swastika  came  into  existence.  Of  the  past  history  re- 
lated to  this  little  emblem  we  desire  to  know  more;  not 
because  it  is  particularly  attractive,  or  its  construction,  as 
we  see  it,  complicated,  but  because  it  is  known  to  have 
been  in  use  in  Europe,  Africa,  Asia,  and  America  when 
we  supposed  there  was  no  communication  at  least  be- 
tween the  "Old  and  New  World." 

To  our  minds  it  appears  much  like  a  beautiful  cloud 
that  once  floated  above  a  setting  sun,  tinted  with  bril- 
liant colors — now  scattered  by  the  "four  cardinal  giants" 
here  and  there  over  the  earth. 

"Where  was  it  invented,  by  whom,  and  for  what  pur- 
pose.''" has  been  a  question  among  archaeologists,  his- 
torians, and  learned  men  we  know  not  since  when.  Vari- 
ously, it  has  been  considered  a  lucky  charm,  a  religious 
emblem,  a  hoodoo  proof,  the  hammer  of  Thor,  and  many 
other  asserts  too  numerous  and  trivial  to  mention. 

The  compound  word  swas-ttka  of  the  Sanscrit,  as  ap- 
plied to  the  swastika,  signifies  "come  good  fortune," 
and  is  believed  to  have  originated  with  the  common  play- 
ing-cards with  which  the  games  of  poker  and  whist  are  at 
this  date  played.  However,  it  is  evident  that  the  swas- 
tika figure  is  only  emblematic  of  what  it  originally  was, 
from  the  fact  that  it  must  have  been  a  more  useful  device 


and  of  very  necessary  application  to  have  forced  itself 
into  the  needs  of  so  many  widely  distributed  localities, 
where  its  remains  are  found  in  prehistoric  graves  and 
among  relics  within  the  remote  area  of  neolithic  people. 

Among  the  Aryans,  where  our  attention  is  most  fre- 
quently called,  its  ancient  title  is  a  thing  of  the  past. 
Not  even  the  legends  of  that  once  illustrious  nation  re- 
flect enough  light  to  determine  its  entire  original  form  or 
use;  hence,  to  other  sources  we  must  go,  and  seek  the 
desired  information  in  other  nations,  and  gather  up  the 
odds  and  ends^ — reassemble,  if  possible,  the  scattered  frag- 
ments into  a  perfect,  systematic,  and  intelligent  whole,  as 
no  doubt  it  once  existed. 

Thus  in  the  mass  of  wreckage  we  occasionally  find  a 
statement  that  approaches  as  close  to  facts  as  could  be 
expected  of  a  tradition  after  running  through  perhaps 
several  hundred  generations  of  various  national  attain- 
ments, fragmentary  records,  and  linguistic  ability. 

Accordingly,  "The  emblem  of  the  sun  in  motion,  a 
wheel  with  spokes,  w^as  actually  replaced  by  what  we  now 
call  the  swastika." — Max  Muller. 

Writing  of  Thibet:  "Invariably  there  will  be  found 
outside  a  house  four  things,  among  them  the  white  and 
blue  swastika,  surmounted  by  a  rudely  drawn  symbol  of 
the  sun  and  moon." — Perceval  Landon. 

"A  Buddhist  priest  of  the  Tang  dynasty,  in  writing 
on  the  original  Buddha,  describes  him  as  having  the  swas- 
tika mark  on'his  breast;  and  another  writer  of  the  same 
dynasty  records  a  practice  among  the  people  of  Loh-yang 
to  endeavor,  on  the  seventh  of  the  seventh  month  of  each 
year,  to  obtain  spiders  to  weave  the  swastika  on  their 
vpeb." — Tang  Tu,  Chinese  Minister  to  the  United  States. 

From  George  Rawlinson's  "Seven  Great  Monarchies" 


ID 


we  learn,  by  referring  to  Chaldea,  also  Persia,  that  San 
was  the  sun-god,  which  he  compares  to  our  word  sun. 
"In  some  places  he  is  called  'the  lord  of  fire,'  'the  ruler 
of  the  day,'  'he  who  illumines  the  expanse  of  heaven  and 
earth.'  This  sun-god  is  known  by  the  symbol  Q  ""'  ® 
The  moon-god  is  known  by  the  symbol  ^•" 


Fig    2, 

Fig.  I  is  a  copy  of  an  illustration  in  George  Stevens' 
"Handbook  of  Old  Northern  Runic  Monuments."  The 
stone  it  represents  was  found  in  Denmark  about  the 
close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  swastika  is  men- 
tioned as  the  mark  of  Woden,  with  assigned  date 
A.   D.  8oo-goo. 

Fig.  2  is  a  sketch  taken  from  a  work  entitled  "Ilios, 
the  City  and  Country  of  the  Trojans,"  by  Henry  Schlie- 
mann.  It  shows  the  decoration  on  a  vase-cover  un- 
earthed in  exploring  the  site  of  ancient  Troy.  The  time 
intervening  between  the  Trojan  vase  and  the  Denmark 
etching  places  an  important^  it  would  seem  emblematic, 
use  of  the  swastika  at  not  less  than  two  thousand  years. 

11 


Fig.  j  is  also  from  "Ilios,"  by  Henry  Schliemann. 
It  is  said  to  be  a  picture  of  a  conical  spindle-whorl  ex- 
cavated from  a  depth  of  thirteen  and  one-half  feet.  The 
reader,  it  is  inferred,  will  shorth-  be  able  to  grasp  the 
meaning  of  the  mcised  work  without  farther  reference. 


Fig    3. 

"  Considered  finally,  it  may  be  asked  if  the  fylfot  or 
gammadion  was  an  earl\-  symbol  of  the  sun,  or,  if  only  an 
emblem  of  the  solar  revolutions  or  movements  across  the 
heavens,  wh\-  it  was  drawn  square  rather  than  curved  t 
The  H^,  even  it  used  in  a  solar  sense,  must  have  im- 
plied more  than  or  something  distinct  from  the  sun, 
whose  proper  and  almost  universal  s\mbol  \\as  the  cir- 
cle. It  was  evidenth'  more  connected  with  the  cross  -|- 
than  with  the  circle  Q  or  solar  disk." — R.  P.  Gregg,  in 
"  ArchcEologia,"  XL  Fill. 

"The  writers  of  that  time  affirm  that  at  this  epoch 
the  calendar  of  the  Europeans  comcided  withm  a  few 
da\s  with  the  Aztec  calendar;  and  the  accurate  calcula- 
tion of  t1ie  eclipses  of  the  sun  marked  in  the  Mexican  an- 
nals even  render  it  probable  that  the  difference  obseryed 
between  the  two  calendars  proceeded  wholly  from  our 
own  not  having  yet  undergone  the  Gregorian  reform. 

"At  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  centur\-,  as  we  have 
before  observed,   the   dates  of   the   .Aztec   calendar  were 


12 


more  accordant  with  the  days  of  the  solstices  and  equinoxes 
than  those  of  the  Spanish  calendar. 

"The  names  of  the  months  are  sometimes  chosen 
among  the  lunar  mansions,  as  with  the  Hindoos;  at  other 
times  they  are  those  of  the  dodecatemorions,  as  in  the 
Dionysian  year.  On  the  banks  of  the  Ganges  they  still 
say  the  months  Arrow,  House,  or  Head  of  the  Antelope." 
— Alexander  von  Humboldt,  in  "Researches  Concerning 
the  Institutions  and  Monuments  of  the  Ancient  Inhabit- 
ants of  America. " 

Extracts  relative  to  the  subject  from  scientific  and  his- 
torical writings  could  be  increased  to  a  vast  number,  but 
enough,  it  is  presumed,  has  been  considered  to  establish 
the  assertion  that  there  was  and  always  has  been  an  asso- 
ciation between  the  swastika  and  the  sun  and  moon; 
that  in  localities  its  original  identity  has  been  to  some  ex- 
tent retained  through  an  expanse  of  time  and  reasonably 
asserted  disuse  of  perhaps  three  thousand  years. 

We  are  informed  by  the  writings  of  Moses  that  men 
who  first  inhabited  the  earth  lived  to  be  nine  hundred 
years  of  age,  which  statement  is  correct,  no  doubt,  but 
it  bears  out  the  inevitable  conclusion  that  an  error  has 
been  made  in  transmitting  events  which  took  place  among 
the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  who  lived  several  thousand 
years  before  Moses  and  the  inauguration  of  the  calendar 
system  according  to  which  he  was  writing,  or  the  trans- 
lators have  misconstrued  his  work  in  the  application  of  a 
foreign  tongue.  The  problem  which  they  had  to  deal 
with  was  the  difference  between  a  result  of  ancient  data 
and  a  result  of  recent  data  with  the  same  word  applied 
to  both  results.  In  our  version  the  reader  is  guided  by 
the  former. 

If  the  records  of  Moses  are  inspired  or  of  a  spiritual 

13 


character,  the  conclusion  must  be  the  same,  for  the  reason 
that  a  thing  may  hve  in  the  past  or  in  a  spiritual  way,  as 
it  were,  and  no  inspiration  can  alter,  change,  or  transform 
its  spiritual  existence  from  what  it  was  into  something 
else — in  other  words,  a  translation  of  the  meaning  of  any 
language  from  one  to  another  is  regarded  as  a  mechanical 
process,  largely  of  an  exterior  influence.  Taking  the  en- 
tire subject  materially  as  presented,  it  is  considered  very 
good  evidence  of  the  inspiration  of  Moses  and  the  exist- 
ence of  a  system  of  recording  time  among  ancient  people 
that  has  become  extinct,  so  to  speak,  and  therefore  has 
not  been  interpreted  by  the  translators  of  the  past  three 
thousand  years,  with  possibly  Moses  included,  conform- 
ing with  the  presented  statement. 

Whether  or  not  the  calendar  system  referred  to  was 
in  any  way  related  to  the  swastika  remains  an  unsettled 
question,  but  that  the  swastika  was,  in  its  entire  original 
form,  a  calendar,  we  propose  to  leave  little  doubt.  This 
assertion,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  could  not  be  verified 
without  the  aid  of  the  "calendar  wheel"  that  was  still  in 
use  in  Mexico  at  the  time  of  the  Cortez  invasion. 

In  order  to  assure  the  reader  that  some  of  our  future 
reasoning  is  based  on  the  best  scientific  authority,  it  will 
be  necessary  to  make  a  few  extracts  from  native  authors, 
who  have  had  the  subject  under  consideration,  as  the 
correct  method  of  using  the  calendar  wheel  has  again, 
strange  as  it  may  appear,  been  lost  on  the  American  side 
of  the  Oc^an,  with  scarcely  a  generation  between  the  in- 
vasion and  historical  records. 

"The  swastika  is  considered  to  be  a  form  of  the  cross. 
There  may  have  been  no  evolution  or  relationship  be- 
tween them;  but  no  person  is  competent  to  decide  from 
a  mere  inspection  or  by  reason  of  dissimilarity  that  there 

14 


was  not.  We  have  to  plead  ignoramus  as  to  the  growth 
and  evolution  of  both  cross  and  swastika,lbecause  the 
oriain   of  both   is   lost   in    znnqmty." -Thomas    Wilson, 

to 

Smithsonian  Report  for  iSgA- 

"Fig.  4  represents  a  swastika    made    of  thm    ham- 
mered copper.     It  was  found  associated  with  a  number 


/ 


J 


L— 


Fig.  4. 

of  artistically  executed  copper  plates  excavated   from  a 
pre-historic    tomb  in    Ohio."  —  Smithsonian    Report  for 

'  ^Relative  to  the  Aztecs:     "The  years  in  a  given  cycle 
were  designated  as  among  the   Mayas,  by  means  of  the 

15 


numeral.  The  signs  were  a  rabbit,  a  cane,  a  flint,  a 
house." — Valentini. 

"They  throw  the  year  into  great  cycles  of  fifty-two 
each,  which  they  call  sheaves  or  bundles." — Prescott,  in 
"The  Conquest  of  Mexico." 

"To  enable  them  to  specify  any  particular  year,  they 
divided  the  great  cycle  into  smaller  cycles  or  indictions 
of  thirteen  each.  They  then  adopted  two  periodical 
series  of  signs,  one  consisting  of  their  numerical  dots  up 
to  thirteen,  the  other  of  four  hieroglyphics  of  the  year." 
— Prescott,  in  "  The  Conquest  of  Mexico." 

"The  division  of  the  year  into  four  seasons — a  di- 
vision as  devoid  of  foundation  in  nature  as  that  of  the 
ancient  Aryans  into  three — and  unknown  among  many 
tribes,  yet  obtained  in  very  early  times  among  Algonkins, 
Cherokees,  Choctaws,  Creeks,  Muyacas,  Aztecs,  Peruvi- 
ans, and  Araucanians.  They  were  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  the  unending  struggle  and  varying  fortunes  of 
the  four  aerial  giants  who  rule  the  wind." — Brinton. 

"  By  the  contrivances  of  these  terms  of  thirteen  days 
and  the  cycle  of  fifty-two  years  they  formed  a  luni-solar 
period,  most  exact  for  astronomical  purposes."- — Leon 
Y.  Gama. 

"Thus  every  year  had  its  appropriate  symbol,  by 
which  it  was  at  once  recognized;  and  this  symbol,  pre- 
ceded by  the  proper  number  of  'bundles,'  indicating  the 
half-centuries,  showed  the  precise  time  which  had  elapsed 
since  the  national  epoch  of  1091.  The  ingenious  con- 
trivance of  a  periodical  series  in  place  of  the  cumbrous 
system  of  hieroglyphical  notation  is  not  pecuHar  to  the 
Aztecs  and  is  to  be  found  among  various  peoples  on  the 
Asiatic  continent — the  same  in  principle,  though  varying 
materially  in  arrangement. 

16 


"The  solar  calendar  above  described  might  have  an- 
swered all  the  purposes  of  the  nation,  but  the  priests 
chose  to  construct  another  for  themselves.  This  was 
called  a  'lunar  reckoning,'  though  nowise  accommodated 
to  the  revolutions  of  the  moon.  It  was  formed  also  of 
two  periodical  series,  one  of  them  consisting  of  thirteen 
numerical  signs  or  dots,  the  other  of  the  twenty  hiero- 
glyphics of  the  day.  But  as  the  product  of  these  combina- 
tions would  only  be  260,  and  as  some  confusion  might 
arise  from  the  repetition  of  the  same  terms  for  the  re- 
maining 105  days  of  the  year,  they  invented  a  third  series, 
consisting  of  nine  additional  hieroglyphics,  which,  alter- 
nating with  the  two  preceding  series,  rendered  it  impos- 
sible that  the  three  should  coincide  twice  in  the  same 
year,  or  indeed  in  less  than  2,340  days,  since  20  x  13  X  9 
equals  2,340.  Thirteen  was  a  mystic  number,  of  fre- 
quent use  in  their  tables.  Why  they  resorted  to  that 
of  nine  on  this  occasion  is  not  so  clear." 

The  above  extract  is  from  the  "  History  of  the  Con- 
quest of  Mexico,"  by  W.  H.  Prescott;  a  foot-note  to  it  in 
the  same  history  follows: 

"In  this  calendar  the  months  of  the  tropical  year 
were  distributed  into  cycles  of  thirteen  days,  which,  be- 
ing repeated  twenty  times — the  number  of  days  in  a 
solar  month — completed  the  lunar  or  astrological  year  of 
260  days,  when  the  reckoning  began  again.  'By  the  con- 
trivance of  these  trecenas  (terms  of  thirteen  days)  and 
the  cycle  of  fifty-two  years,'  says  Gama,  'they  formed  a 
luni-solar- period,  most  exact  for  astronomical  purposes.' 
He  adds  that  these  trecenas  were  suggested  by  the  periods 
in  which  the  moon  is  visible  before  and  after  conjunction. 
It  seems  hardly  possible  that  a  people  capable  of  con- 
structing a  calendar  so  accurately  on  the  true  principles 

17 


of  solar  time  should  so  grossly  err  as  to  suppose  that  in 
this  reckoning  they  really  'represented  the  daily  revolu- 
tions of  the  moon.'  'The  whole  Eastern  world,'  says  the 
learned  Niebuhr,  'has  followed  the  moon  in  its  calendar; 
the  free  scientific  division  of  a  vast  portion  of  time  is  pe- 


•S'i^'^S".-'^  K=. 


Fig  5. 

culiar  to  the  West.     Connected  with   the  West   is    that 
primeval  extinct  world  which  we  call  the  New.'  " 

Fig.  5  represents  a  "calendar  wheel"  such  as  was  in 
use  by  the  Aztecs  in  the  fourteenth  century.  This  form 
of  "wheel"  is  illustrated  in  Clavigero's  "Ancient  History 


iS 


of  Mexico";  its  similarity  in  outline  to  the  swastika  is 
easily  recognized. 

It  may  be  well  to  state  here  that  there  were  several 
forms  of  the  wheel,  some  of  which  made  complete  circles 
without  the  usual  cross  in  the  center;  some  applied  ex- 
clusively to  the  sun,  others  to  the  moon  only;  but  all 
were  developed,  as  far  as  the  writer's  exerience  is  con- 
cerned, from  the  one  general  or  fundamental   principle. 

William  H.  Prescott  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  the 
year  1796.     He  is  the  author  of  "History  of  Ferdinand 
and    Isabella,"    "History  of  the   Conquest  of  Mexico,' 
"History  of  the  Conquest  of  Peru,"  and  a  partial  "His- 
tory of  the  Reign  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain."     He  died  in  1859. 

Antonio  de  Leon  y  Gama  was  born  in  Mexico  about 
the  year  1735  and  died  about  the  year  1800.  He  was 
prominent  as  an  astronomer,  and  wrote  memoirs  on 
"The  Satellites  of  Jupiter,"  on  "The  Almanac  and  Chro- 
nology of  the  Ancient  Mexicans,"  and  on  "The  Climate 
of  New  Spain." 

Francisco  S.  Clavigero  was  born  in  Mexico  about  the 
year  1720  and  died  in  1793.  During  his  life  he  served 
nearly  thirty  years  as  a  Jesuit  missionary  among  the  Mex- 
ican Indians;  from  notes  and  information  gathered  while 
acting  in  that  capacity  he  wrote  the  "Ancient  History 
of  Mexico." 

To  the  variations  made  by  the  priests,  who  had  by 
appointment  entire  charge  of  manipulating  the  calendar 
wheel,  is  due  the  discrepancy  in  opinions  of  writers  who 
have  alluded  to  the  astronomical  knowledge  of  the  Az- 
tecs, excepting  in  this  remark  Humboldt,  who  devoted 
his  writings  relative  to  "The  Mexican  Calendar"  to  the 
Montezuma  Stone,  or  what  is  commonly  called  the  Mex- 
ican Calendar  Stone — a  stone  simply  intended  to  adjust 

19 


chronologically  the  festivals  and  sacrificial  rites  of  the 
people.  Nevertheless,  he  found  "the  Mexican  calendar 
one  of  the  most  complicated,  but  also  one  of  the  most  in- 
genious, to  be  found  in  the  history  of  astronomy." 

Referring  to  Fig.  5,  the  circle  is  divided  into  four  quar- 


/         / 
/  / 


/         / 


/ 


rf 


4- 
\ 


/      / 


1- 


a 


\ 


\     A 
\ 


\ 


\ 


/ 


■t 


:  )• 


l- 


/     y. 


/     / 


^/\' 


■Ik 
7} 


Fig.  6. 

ters,  each  indicating  a  season  of  ninety-one  days.  It  w^ill 
be  observed  later  that  to  correctly  operate  the  wheel  it 
was  necessary  to  have  the  four  divisions  of  the  year, 
which  perhaps  otherwise  would  have  consisted  of  two, 
terminating  at  the  solsticial  points.     These  four  seasons. 


20 


which  correspond  to  our  winter,  spring,  summer,  and 
autumn,  are  represented  by  the  four  rectangular  arms  of 
the  swastika.  In  the  wheel,  it  will  be  noted,  the  four 
arms  are  divided  into  thirteen  squares,  each  of  which 
contains  a  dot  or  dots,  according  to  its  number  and  loca- 
tion, extending  from  one  to  thirteen,  inclusive.  These 
dots  were  placed  in  the  wheel  consecutively,  along  the 
spiral  line,  as  shown  in  Fig.  6,  repeating  from  one  to 
thirteen  four  times.  In  this  way  each  year  in  the  Aztec 
century  was  recorded,  making  a  total  of  fifty-two,  cov- 
ering all  the  numbered  squares  in  the  wheel. 

At  the  end  of  the  arms  along  the  circumference  of  the 
wheel  is  an  opening  or  disconnecting  space,  which  is 
similar  to  the  open  spaces  at  the  outer  ends  of  the  arms 
of  the  swastika.  These  spaces  serve  as  a  guide,  showing 
the  direction  to  proceed  in  making  the  daily  count.  As 
the  wheel  may  be  constructed  with  a  left  or  a  right  revolu- 
tion and  like  results  obtained,  the  example  of  the  wheel 
figured  is  called  a  right  revolving  wheel,  the  same  as  the 
swastika  on  the  vase-cover  from  Troy.  The  openings 
above  mentioned,  at  the  end  of  the  arms,  are  not  an  in- 
dispensable necessit}',  as  the  signs  in  each  quadrant  may 
be  used  for  this  purpose.  Hence  the  swastika  is  some- 
times figured  as  a  circle,  or  a  circle  with  bisecting  lines 
dividing  it  into  four  equal  parts. 

Let  us  now  proceed  to  explain  the  progress  of  the 
seasons  through  the  quadrants.  Each  of  the  thirteen 
squares  in  the  quadrants  of  the  wheel  contains  a  figure 
symbolic  of  the  season  it  represents;  these  are  a  cane,  a 
rabbit,  a  house,  and  a  flint;  they  indicate  the  sun  move- 
ment through  each  respectively,  while  the  dots  in  each 
square  refer  only  to  the  relative  position  of  the  moon. 

Notice  the  four  aerial  giants,  "who  rule  the  winds," 

21 


adjacent  to  the  four  quadrants.  Seven  blasts  each  blows 
from  his  mouth  towards  the  season  he  is  presumed  to 
govern.  These  seven  lines  which  issue  from  the  mouth 
of  the  giants  mean  that  each  of  the  thirteen  squares  or 
daily  representatives  in  each  quadrant  are  to  be  counted 
over  in  a  circular  manner  seven  times,  making  ninety- 
one  in  each  quarter,  or  a  total  of  364  days  in  the  wheel. 
The  365th  or  366th,  as  the  case  may  be,  were  accounted 
for  as  holidays  at  the  latter  end  of  the  year.  However 
this  last  remark  may  apply,  we  learn  from  Prescott's  his- 
tory that  the  terminal  adjustments  of  the  Aztecs  "brought 
them  within  an  almost  inappreciable  fraction  to  the  exact 
length  of  the  tropical  year  as  established  by  the  most  ac- 
curate observations."  It  is  astonishing  for  us  to  find  a 
calendar  among  these  people,  showing  as  it  does  many, 
many  years  of  scientific  observations  to  make  such  a 
minute  pefection. 

With  all  primitive  tribes  of  the  human  race  the  daily 
changes  produced  by  the  sun  constituted  the  first  method 
used  as  a  reference  applied  to  the  past  or  between  events. 
This  was  followed  by  a  moon  record,  and  each  lunation 
was  taken  to  express  a  period  equal  to  the  number  of 
days  each  additional  lunation  contained.  Otherwise,  if  an 
occurrence  was  alluded  to  that  happened  295  days  pre- 
vious, it  would  be  stated  to  have  happened  "ten  moons 
ago,"  or  "there  have  been  ten  moons  since." 

The  full  moon  marked  these  periods  or  divisions,  and 
with  much  interest  the  time  of  the  fullness  of  the  moon 
was  looked  forward  to,  as  it  did  by  its  light  relieve  some 
of  the  dangers  attending  their  crude  mode  of  living,  as 
well  as  giving  other  serviceable  results. 

This  reference  to  and  use  of  the  moon  as  a  basis  of  a ' 
calendar  system  was   superseded  by  the  introduction  of 


22 


the  annual  sun  period,  consisting  of  365J  days,  which  is 
still  in  use,  retaining  the  old  division  of  quarters  or  sea- 
sons, and  adding  twelve  divisions  to  the  annual  revo- 
lution of  the  sun,  now  called  months,  starting  the  count 
apparently  at  any  haphazard  place. 

How  the  division  of  thirteen  by  twenty-eight  escaped 
may  be  due  to  the  moon  making  a  majority  of  twelve 
revolutions  annually  instead  of  thirteen.  However,  a 
great  mistake  was  made  in  the  arrangement,  which  we 
are  perpetuating  at  a  sacrifice  of  a  much  more  convenient 
way  of  handling  the  question.  Had  they  adopted  the 
thirteen-month  system  with  twenty-eight  days  in  each, 
intercalating  at  the  end  of  the  year  any  irregularities 
that  may  be  necessary,  we  would  now  be  using  a  calendar 
system  that  would  be  easily  retained  or  called  to  mind, 
as  each  Sunday  would  come  on  the  same  date  in  all  the 
months,  and  all  holidays  would  occur  on  the  same  day  of 
the  week  and  the  same  date  of  the  month  in  all  years. 

We  must  accept  certain  squares  in  the  wheel  on  which 
to  begin  each  quarter  or  season  of  the  year.  The  column 
in  which  these  squares  are  located  is  the  same  as  that  on 
which  the  year  starts  that  is  in  progress.  For  illustra- 
tion, we  select  from  the  vertical  column  above  the  center 
as  follows:  the  first  season,  as  indicated  by  five  dots;  the 
second  season,  as  indicated  by  nine  dots;  the  third  season, 
as  indicated  by  thirteen  dots;  and  the  last  season  of  the 
year,  as  indicated  by  the  top  square,  containing  four  dots. 
Each  of  these  indicators  is  to  be  used  for  the  first  day 
in  each  quarter,  respectively,  turning  in  the  direction 
made  known  by  the  outer  portion  of  the  arms  in  the  wheel. 

Then  start  the  first  season  of  the  year,  as  above,  with 
the  first  full  moon  on  the  square  containing  five  dots, 
which   consider   equals   naught,    and    proceed    along  the 

23 


« 


.^^ 


9    *   • 


m  •  •.  •  • 


..!. 


:  I 


•l" 


•  •  :a  • 


:  I 


1 

•  •  • ^y* 


N 


f/ 


I 


I 


y^ 


f 

it 


24 


broken  line  as  shown  in  Fig.  7,  in  the  direction  of  the 
arrow,  counting  each  square  passed  over  as  a  day,  re- 
peating the  circle  seven  times,  including  a  total  of  ninety- 
one  squares.  It  will  be  noted  by  this  process  that  the 
thirtieth  day  falls  on  the  square  containing  two  dots, 
thus  indicating  the  occurrence  of  the  second  full  moon  of 
the  first  season,  and  the  fifty-ninth  day  falls  on  the  square 
containing  three  dots,  indicating  that  the  third  full  moon 
of  the  season  occurs  on  that  day.  Continuing  the  count 
with  similar  action,  the  eighty-eighth  day  falls  on  the 
square  containing  four  dots,  indicating  the  fourth  full 
moon  of  the  season  on  that  day.  Passing  this  last  full- 
moon  point  with  the  count  of  squares  to  ninety-one,  it 
is  found  that  the  moon  is  two  days  old  on  the  last  day  of 
the  first  season. 

It  is  essential  to  know  the  moon's  age  at  the  end  of 
the  seasons  or  quarters  to  correctly  operate  the  wheel. 
As  this  time  is  continuous  in  the  lunar  calendar  under 
consideration,  and  although  this  age  of  the  moon  is  a 
factor  to  be  used  in  the  beginning  of  each  quarter,  it  is 
just  as  essential  to  extend  the  count  of  the  squares  or 
days  to  include  ninety-one  in  each  quarter. 

Accordingly,  the  second  season  is  started  with  the 
moon-age  of  three  days  on  the  square  containing  nine 
dots;  then,  treating  the  revolutions  similar  to  those  of  the 
first  season,  it  will  be  found  that  the  fifth  full  moon  of 
the  year  occurs  on  the  thirtieth  day  of  the  second  season, 
and  the  sixth  full  moon  of  the  year  on  the  fifty-ninth  day 
of  the  season,  and  the  seventh  full  moon  of  the  year  on 
the  eighty-eighth  day  of  the  season.  Also  on  the  ninety- 
first  or  last  day  of  the  second  season  the  daily  count  ex- 
tends five  beyond  the  full-moon  point.  Therefore,  start 
the  third  season  with  the  moon  six  days  old  on  the  square 

25 


containing  thirteen  dots,  and  proceed  as  above  explained. 
It  will  be  found  that  the  eighth  full  moon  of  the  year  oc- 
curs on  the  thirtieth  day  of  the  third  season,  and  the  ninth 
full  moon  of  the  year  on  the  fifty-ninth  day  of  the  season, 
and  the  tenth  full  moon  of  the  year  on  the  eighty-eighth 
day  of  the  season.  Continuing  the  record  to  the  ninety- 
first  day,  the  moon's  age  is  found  to  be  eight  days,  thus 
obliging  us,  according  to  the  index,  to  commence  the  last 
season  of  the  year  with  the  moon  nine  days  old  on  the 
square  containing  four  dots. 

Treating  the  fourth  season  or  last  quarter  of  the  wheel 
according  to  the  explanations  relating  to  the  preceding 
quarters,  it  demonstrates  the  eleventh  full  moon  of  the 
year  occurs  on  the  thirtieth  day  of  the  fourth  season,  and 
the  twelfth  full  moon  of  the  year  on  the  fifty-ninth  day  of 
the  season,  and  the  thirteenth  full  moon  of  the  year  on 
the  eighty-eighth  day  of  the  season.  The  maximum  moon 
orbits  in  any  year  is  thirteen,  all  of  which  the  preceding 
explanations  have  included. 

A  tabulated  construction  of  the  recurrence  of  the  full 
moon  during  the  year  according  to  the  Aztec  calendar 
and  the  hitherto  described  method  of  using  it  is  as  follows, 
beginning  with  the  first  full  moon  one  day  old  on  the 
second  day  of  the  first  quarter: 


26 


2d   full  moon  on  the  30th  day  of  the    Cane  quarter. 


Rabbit 


House 


Flint 


3d     " 

(( 

(( 

59th 

a 

(< 

it 

4th    ' 

a 

ii 

88th 

a 

<< 

a 

5th    ' 

a 

a 

30th 

« 

(C 

a 

6th    ' 

a 

a 

59th 

<( 

a 

a 

7th    ' 

i           a 

a 

(( 

88th 

a 

a 

a 

8th    ' 

i           a 

a 

30th 

n 

a 

a 

9th    ' 

i          a 

<( 

59th 

«( 

n 

<< 

loth    ' 

<( 

a 

88th 

a 

a 

(< 

nth    ' 

i           a 

a 

(C 

30th 

« 

n 

(( 

1 2th    ' 

I           << 

it 

a 

59th 

a 

(( 

a 

13th    ' 

<           (< 

a 

a 

88th 

« 

<< 

<( 

1?" 

@ 

|&0| 

® 

89 
(88) 

13 
9 
S 
8 

10 
6 
2 
11 

©lu^i 

10  6  2 

II 

[73  I2¥ 

4 

13 
9 
5 
1 

@Fal 

5 

110  6  2 

4 

3  12  3 

7 

@I?771 

N3|(88) 

9 
13 
4 
8 
12 
3 

r 
11 

3 
7 
II 

2 

|J24|(59; 

G 

10 

1   5  9 

B  4  8  12 

|295|@ 

(§) 

26S| 

® 

|236 

® 

Tig.  8. 


Referring  to  Fig.  8,  which  a  comparison  will  show  to 
be  a  calendar  wheel  with  figures,  for  simplicity,  placed  in 
the  divisions  instead  of  dots,  it  will  be  found  to  graphically 
follow  the  tabulated  statement  of  the  moon,  thus  making 
a  simple  lunar  calendar. 

In  the  ancient  system  the  moon  was  the  predom- 
inating influence,  and  all  irregularities  or  intercalations 
necessary  were  installed  to  make  the  revolutionary  time  of 

29 


the  sun  conform  to  that  of  the  moon.  Eventually,  when 
that  system  was  reversed  and  the  sun  period  mentioned 
was  adopted,  the  utility  of  the  swastika  system  naturally 
went  into  disuse  in  what  we  recognize  as  the  Eastern 
part  of  the  world. 

Referring  again  to  Fig.  8,  it  will  now  be  in  order  to  take 
up  the  question  of  both  sun  and  moon  time,  as  they  are 
combined  in  the  use  of  the  wheel;  and  as  we  are  about 
to  give  the  subject  a  more  annual  consideration  than  was 
given  in  the  explanations  relative  to  the  lunar  calendar, 
it  will  be  apparent  to  the  reader  that  we  are  progressing 
along  evolutionary  lines.  Hence,  it  will  be  found  unnec- 
essary to  ascertain  the  moon's  age  at  the  end  of  each 
season  in  the  following  luni-solar  arrangement. 

It  is  accepted  in  this  explantion  that  ninety-one  days 
constitute  each  season  or  quarter  of  the  wheel;  also  seven 
revolutions  are  made  in  each  quarter,  as  explained,  rela- 
tive to  the  lunar  calendar,  and  also  the  four  outer  squares 
of  a  radial  line  of  same  are  used  to  start  each  season  of  a 
3''ear,  beginning  with  the  inner  square  as  the  first  and  pro- 
gressing outward  to  the  last  in  the  vertical  or  horizontal 
line,  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  squares  in  these  radial  hnes  form  the  cross  in  the 
swastika  and  are  the  annual  index  columns  of  the  wheel, 
as  the  first  dav  of  each  season  is  indicated  progressively, 
as  explained  above,  for  the  year  on  which  the  first  day 
falls  accordingly.  At  the  outer  end  of  each  index  the  di- 
visions of  the  wheel  make  right  angles  to  right  or  left, 
forming  the  circumference  of  the  wheel  or  the  straight 
exterior  part  of  the  swastika  arms,  the  angle  being  made 
to  readily  distinguish  the  index  squares  from  those  in  the 
balance  of  the  wheel.  The  reader  will  note  to  this  fact 
the  peculiar  form  of  the  swastika  is  attributed. 

30 


In  these  indexes  is  introduced  the  Greek  cross — the 
dawn,  as  it  were,  of  history  and  inscribed  records.  It 
represented  a  period  of  time,  as  did  the  various  parts  and 
entire  swastika,  including  the  Greek  fret,  but  finally  it 
was  accepted  to  represent  the  universal  law  of  God. 

That  the  cross  as  an  emblem  came  to  exist  from  a 
more  important  source  than  the  mere  laying  or  fastening 
of  two  sticks  together  is  evidenced  by  the  many  who  have 
written  or  otherwise  discussed  the  subject,  and  that  the 
cross  and  swastika  were  associated  in  ancient  times  is 
also  conclusive;  but  instead  of  the  swastika  being  a  de- 
velopment of  the  cross,  the  generally  accepted  theory, 
based  on  a  simple  and  natural  process,  the  evidence  very 
strongly  favors  the  emblem  following  the  swastika. 

Referring  again  to  Fig.  8  for  the  application  of  the 
sun  and  moon  revolutionary  movements  to  the  wheel, 
begin  the  first  day  of  the  first  season  on  square  No.  5  in 
the  index  column  immediately  above  the  center  of  the 
wheel  and  proceed  uniformly,  as  explained  relative  to 
Fig.  7,  to  the  ninety-first  or  last  day  of  the  season.  Begin 
the  second  season  with  the  ninety-second  day  of  the  year 
on  square  No.  9  in  the  upper  right  quarter  of  the  wheel, 
and  proceed  as  with  the  first  season  to  the  i82d  day  of 
the  year,  or  last  day  of  the  second  season.  Begin  the 
third  season  on  square  No.  13  in  the  lower  right  quarter 
of  the  wheel  with  the  183d  day  of  the  year,  and  proceed 
in  same  manner  as  with  other  seasons  to  the  273d  day 
of  the  year,  the  last  of  the  third  season.  Begin  the  fourth 
season  on  square  No.  4  in  the  lower  left  quarter  of  the 
wheel  with  the  274th  day  of  the  year,  and  proceed  as  be- 
fore to  the  364th  day  of  the  year,  or  last  day  of  the  last 
season,  accordingly. 

The  result  of  these  proceedings,  starting  with  the  first 

31 


full  moon  in  its  first  day,  on  the  second  day  of  the  Cane, 
considering  the  mean  lunation  of  each  twenty-nine  days, 
twelve  hours,  forty-four  minutes,  two  and  seven-tenths 
seconds  long,  is  the  following  tabulated  comparison, 
giving  the  number  of  full  moons  and  the  sun  days  on 
which  they  occur,  also  the  dates  on  which  they  occur 
according  to  the  calendar  wheel,  with  proper  dates  in 
the  seasons  of  same: 


32 


First  year. 


Moons, 

Total  Days  by  Sun. 

Total  Days 
by  Wheel. 

Season  Dates  bv 
Wheel. 

I 

id    oh    om 

2d 

2d      day  of  Cane. 

2 

iqd  12I1  44m 

3id 

31st    "     ' 

i                     ii. 

?> 

59d     ih  28m 

6od 

60th    "     ' 

i                        i.K 

4 

88d  14I1  12m 

89d 

89th    "     ' 

i                        (( 

5 

I  i8d    2h  56m 

ii9d 

28th    "     ' 

'    Rabbit. 

6 

I47d  1511  40m 

I48d 

57th    "     ' 

4                     (t 

7 

ly/d    4h  24m 

i77d 

86tli    "    ' 

i                     (( 

8 

2o6d  lyh    8ni 

207d 

25th    "    ' 

*  House. 

9 

236d    5h  52m 

236d 

54th    "    ' 

(            a 

10 

265d  i8h  36m 

265d 

83d     "    ' 

4                     4( 

1 1 

295d    /h  20m 

295d 

22d       "      ' 

'     Flint. 

12 

324d  2oh    4m 

324d 

51st      "      ' 

4        (i 

13 

354d    8h  49m 

353d 

80th     "      ' 

(            a 

Second  Year. 


I 

1    383d  2ih  33m    1    384d      1 

19th  day  of  Rabbit. 

Third  Tear. 

I 

738d  o6h  22m    1     739d      | 

9th  day  of  House. 

33 


Fig.  9.  Fig.  lu. 

The  table  has  been  extended  to  the  second  and  third 
years  for  the  purpose  of  farther  illustrating  the  use  ot 
the  index  columns  and  to  show  the  precision  of  their 
application. 

It  will  now  be  in  order  to  make  an  apparent  deviation 
and  explain  the  relation  between  the  triskelion  and  the 
swastika. 

The  triskelion  is  a  figure  that  gives  the  mind  an  im- 
pression of  motion  similar  to  the  swastika.  It  has  arms 
or  lines  extendmg  from  a  central  or  radial  point  some- 
what like  the  four  composing  the  swastika,  except  one 
has  been  omitted,  leaving  but  three  in  the  figure  we  are 
now  dealing  with. 

The  triskelion  and  swastika  are  frequently  found  to- 
gether, being  practically  equal  in  their  very  remarka- 
ble distribution.  In  the  East  the  triskelion  has  an  or- 
dinary volutional  form;  in  addition  it  has  been  given 
quite  an  extensive  imaginative  range  in  its  construction 
or  evolution,  as  we  find  it  in  ancient  Sicily  represented 
with  three  feet  and  legs  joined  together  and  bent  at  the 
knee  as  in  running  or  walking  to  the  left;  still  remaining 
the  armorial  representative  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  of  which 
Fig.  9  is  a  cut. 

In  Lycia  we  find  three  rooster  heads  with  necks  joined 
together  in  like  manner,  pointing  their  beaks  to  the  right. 

34 


In  Ireland  we  have  (Fig.  lo)  a  very  artistic  scroll  adop- 
tion on  bronze  with  the  terminal  volutions  to  the  right. 
Referring  to  Fig.  i,  the  stone  found  in  Denmark  has  a 
combination  of  three  huntsman's  horns  carved  on  its 
surface. 

As  to  what  the  triskelion  has  been 
a  great  number  of  years  and  is  still 
considered  is  appropriately  given  in 
the  following  extract  from  a  paper 
by  Thomas  Wilson,  Curator,  Depart- 
ment of  Prehistoric  Anthropology, 
United  States  National  Museum,  in 
Smithsonian  Report  for  1894:  "Pliny 
attributes  the  origin  of  the  triskelion 
of  Sicily  to  the  triangular  form  of 
the  island,  ancient  Trinacria,  which 
onsisted  of  three  large  capes  equi- 
istant  from  each  other,  pointing  in 
'their  respective  directions,  the  names 
of  which  were  Pelorus,  Pachynus,  and 
Lilyb.cum.  This  statement,  dating 
to  so  early  a  period,  accounting  for 
the  triskelion  emblem  of  Sicily,  is 
much  more  reasonable  and  ought  to 
receive  greater  credit  than  that  of  its 
devolution  from  the  swastika,  which 
theory  is  of  later  date  and  has  none 
of  these  corroborations  in  its  favor. 
Whenever  or  however  the  triskelion 
occurred,  by  whom  it  was  invented, 
what  It  represented,  how  it  comes  to  have  been  per- 
petuated, is  all  lost  in  antiquity  and  may  never  be  known; 


Fig.  11. 


35 


but  there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  reason  for  believ- 
ing it  to  have  been  an  evolution  from  the  swastika." 

For  comparison  Fig.  ii  is  inserted.  It  represents  an 
iron  spear-head  found  in  northern  Germany.  The  il- 
lustration is  taken  from  a  publication  by  J.  B.  Waring, 
entitled  "Ceramic  Art  in  Remote  Ages." 

Fig.  12  is  an  outline  sketch  of  a  carved  shell  from  a 
grave  in  Tennessee.  Presumably,  it  once  had  colored 
figures  on  its  surface,  which,  on  account  of  exposure, 
have    disappeared.     The    carved    shell    is    evidently    in- 


rig   12. 

tended  to  cover  a  repetition  of  ninety-one  days  or  one- 
quarter  of  a  year  of  a  calendar  wheel.  There  are  thirteen 
outside  inclosures  and  seven  circles  in  a  separate  interior 
area;  also  there  are  four  complete  circular  lines  outside 
the  spirals'.  By  revolving  on  the  outside  inclosures,  count- 
ing a  day  for  each,  seven  times,  we  obtain  the  ninety-one 
days  of  a  season,  and  this  amount  repeated  four  times 
gives  us  364,  the  annual  number  of  wheel  days. 

36 


By  a  little  investigation  the  reader  will  find  that  the 
swastika  calendar  system  can  be  worked  in  its  entirety 
with  this  form  of  the  triskelion,  but  much  more  is  depend- 
ent on  the  memory  than  in  the  use  of  the  former,  as  the 
index  columns  are  practically  lost,  each  season  being 
started  on  the  same  day  on  which  the  same  ends;  also  the 
names  of  the  days  in  each  season  are,  at  least  in  part,  a 
matter  of  memory. 

The  natural  inference  is  that  the  triskelion  antedates 
the  swastika,  as  its  invention  is  not  so  complete  or  com- 
prehensive in  its  application.  However,  it  is  not  essen- 
tial at  this  time  to  investigate  that  branch  of  the  subject. 

Why  the  triskelion  and  swastika  came  to  be  two 
separate  affairs  the  following  will  serve  to  explain: 

It  will  be  noted,  in  referring  to  a  previous  page,  that 
only  three  index  columns  of  the  four  contained  in  tJie 
calendar  wheel  have  been  considered.  If  we  continued  a 
consecutive  revolution  of  these  columns,  and  used  the 
fourth  in  the  wheel  to  guide  us  through  the  season  of  the 
fourth  year,  there  would  be  such  a  discrepancy  between 
wheel  time  and  sun  time  that  the  wheel  could  not  be  used 
with  the  same  benefit  as  demonstrated  in  the  three  pre- 
vious years;  therefore,  it  becomes  necessary  to  make  use 
of  but  three  of  the  index  colum.ns  in  passing  over  four 
years  with  the  wheel,  consequently  we  skip  the  fourth 
column  and  use  the  same  that  was  used  for  the  first  year. 
Then  starting  with  the  first  day  of  the  fourth  year,  which 
is  the  1096th  from  beginning,  on  the  square  containing 
five  in  the  column  immediately  above  the  center  of  the 
wheel,  and  proceeding  in  the  same  manner  as  with  the 
first  year,  we  find  the  first  full  moon  of  the  fourth  year 
occurs,  according  to  the  wheel,  on  the  Ii22d  day  from 


37 


beginning,  the  same  by  mean  lunations  being  1122  days, 
3  hours,  53  minutes,  42  6-10  seconds. 

There  is  perhaps  no  relic  at  this  date  that  goes  farther 
to  verify  what  has  herein  been  written  in  regard  to  the 
swastika  and  calendar  wheel  than  the  common  playing- 
cards  in  use  at  this  time,  laid  on  a  table  in  the  form  of 
Fig.  8.  We  have  the  veritable  swastika  bundle  of  an- 
cient times.  Whence  they  came  is  a  disputed  question, 
but  we  again  look  to  the  Aryans,  where  certainly  the 
name  originated. 

In  the  pack  of  cards  there  are  four  denominations — 
clubs,  hearts,  diamonds,  and  spades;  these  in  the  cal- 
endar wheel  are  cane,  rabbit,  house,  and  flint.  With 
both  cards  and  wheel  each  is  associated  with  thirteen 
divisions.  The  club  and  cane  are  very  similar  in  appear- 
ance; they  are  intended  to  represent  the  foliage  of  a  tree 
or  plant;  it  is  believed  their  outlines  are  enough  alike  to 
signify  they  came  from  the  same  source.  The  rabbit  of 
the  wheel  has  been  changed  to  heart  in  the  cards,  which 
was  perhaps  a  benefit  to  the  business  for  which  they  have 
been  recently  used.  However  that  'may  be,  among  the 
early  Oriental  astronomers  the  hare  was  an  important 
factor,  whose  influence  we  recognize  at  this  date  in  the 
constellation  of  the  Hare.  The  diamond  and  house  are 
four-sided  figures,  the  house  being  distorted  to  a  rhom- 
busial  form  in  the  cards;  but  both,  most  likely,  represent 
the  "lunar  houses"  in  the  astronomy  of  ancient  Asia. 
Evidently  there  can  be  no  mistake  as  to  the  origin  of  the 
spade  and  flint;  one  is  the  outline  of  a  flint  arrowhead 
and  the  other  the  same  of  a  flint  knife. 

The  pack  of  cards  is  made  up  of  four  parts  consisting 
of  thirteen  in  each,  or  a  total  number  of  fifty-two,  all  of 
which  has  been  said  of  the  wheel.     Fifty-two  repeated 

38 


seven  times  made  the  year  of  364  days  with  one  addi- 
tional at  the  end  to  comply  with  the  sun  period,  but  not 
included  in  the  calendar  wheel  or  card  pack;  and  as  this 
day  had  neither  number  nor  date,  no  records  could  be 
made  or  legitimate  business  done;  it  was  appropriately 
regarded  as  a  day  of  rest.  With  the  cards  there  appears 
to  have,  at  a  very  early  time,  existed  a  fifty-two-day 
period,  sheaf,  or  bundle  for  making  records,  and  seven 
of  these  "bundles"  or  "periods"  constituted  a  year  with 
a  day  of  rest,  not  included,  at  the  end.  More  recently 
we  find  this  method  practically  reversed,  giving  us  what 
we  now  have:  fifty-two  weeks,  consisting  of  seven  days 
each,  with  a  day  of  rest  included  at  the  end. 


39 


CONTENTS. 

Calendar— Aztec  Comparison 12 

"  Aztec  by  Prescott '7 

"  Criticisms  on ^3 

"  Progression  of ^^ 

Stone ^9 

"  Tabulated  Comparison 3^ 

Wheel H 

«  Wheel,  Explanations     .      .      •      -21,  24-31 

«  Wheel,  by  Clavigero ^^ 

«  Wheel,  Forms  of ^9 

Cards— Common  Playing S^'  39 

Clavigero— Biographical  Notes '9 

Cycles— 52  Years ^^ 

Gama— Biographical  Notes ^9 

Greek  Cross 3 

Greek  Fret ^ 

Index  Columns  in  Wheel ^3 

Lunar  Calendar,  Tabulated ^7 

Luni— Solar  Calendar 

Lunations — Length  of 3 

2.2. 

Lunations  of    Moon 

Moses — Writings  of ^3'     4 

Prescott— Biographical  Notes ■     ^9 

o                 -NT              r                                             .1^,   16,    21 
Seasons — Names  ot -5' 

Swastika— Distribution  of 9 

"        — Definition  ot 9 

_Form  of ^''  •^° 

«        _In  Ancient  Troy n,  12 

"        — In  China 

»        _In  Chaldea  and  Persia i  ^ 

"       — In  Denmark 

41 


Swastika — In  Thibet lo 

"        — In  United  States 15 

"        — System  Abandoned 29 

Time — Aztec  Division 16 

Triskelion — Comparison 37 

— Explanation  of 37 

— Form  and  Distribution      ....     34,  35 

— In  Denmark 35 

^In  Germany 36 

— In   Ireland 35 

— In  Isle   of  Man 34 

— In  Lycia 34 

— In  Sicily 35 

— In  United  States 36 


42 


NOTeS. 


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